Wheat is a tall, annual plant with a height ranging from two to six feet in early varieties. This study confirmed that the height at maturity of winter wheat in shaanxi province decreased markedly from 140. Genetic variability for seed yield and its component. Nitrogen n fertiliser is one of the main inputs of intensive wheat cropping systems in the uk. Pdf seeding rate influence on yield and yield components. Two wheat genotypes, sarc6 and mh97 were tested in waterlogged, saline. This content is a short introduction to the wheat origin, evolution, production technology, and. The roots of the winter and spring wheat penetrated the soil at a similar rate 1. Effect of nitrogen, zinc and boron on growth, yield. Genetic analysis of variability and inheritance of. Wheat is cultivated over a wide range of climatic conditions and therefore understanding of genetics is of great value for genetics and plant breeding purposes. Earliness op sexual reproduction in wheat as influenced by temperature and light in rela tion to growth phases by h. This suggested that the genotype selected for research were quite variable and constant levels of variability are present among them.
Influence of nitrogen and plant density on spring wheat. Few days after emergence, 7 seedlings were allowed to grow in each pot up to maturity. M o n t a n a nutrient uptake patterns of spring wheat. Plant height cm,grain per spike, yield per plant gm, grain weight gm and spike length cm. This study was conducted to determine the optimum seeding rates of mediterranean types. Current recommendations to optimize spring wheat yield potential indicate target plant populations should range from 23 to 28 plants per square foot. Seeds of wheat variety inqalab were at 4 cm plant to plant distance. Timing of wheat planting is critical and high soil temperatures can reduce establishment. The development of cortical root aerenchyma and adventitious nodal roots are characteristics of waterloggingresistant plants. Crop science abstract analysis of nitrogen accumulation.
Winter wheat with a prostrate vegetative growth habit begins to grow erect. The objective of this research was to estimate plant n loss from several wheat cultivars and experimental populations as a function of n. As preparations are made for planting the 20 wheat crop, growers should consider how the 2012 drought might impact their fertilizer needs. Review article genetic modification for wheat improvement. Could new varieties of wheat and barley save the planet. Wheat triticum aestivum l is the most extensively grown cereal crop in the world, covering about 237 million hectares annually, accounting for a total of 420 million tonnes isitor et al. The potential for nitrogen loss will decrease by waiting to apply closer to feekes 6. Distribution of nitrogen matter between vegetative and reproductive organs of wheat plant is in direct connection with distribution of entire dry matter. In order to reduce losses by evapotranspiration, the pots were regularly irrigated by normal irrigation water. Thus indicating amply scope for selection of different qualitative characters in wheat improvement. Influence of nitrogen and plant density on spring wheat tritium aestivum l.
Effect of salts stress on the growth and yield of wheat. In india, up, punjab, haryana, mp, rajasthan, bihar, gujarat, maharashtra, uttaranchal and west bengal are the important wheat cultivating states. Farmers fields 181 were selected on the basis of a survey of wheatgrowing areas. Grain number and grain yield distribution along the spike. Heterotic and seed rate effects on nitrogen efficiencies in wheat volume 142 issue 6 d. Zinc zn in plant tissue and in the grain, nutrient uptake and grain yield. Plant density effect on grain number and weight of two. Soil temperatures in oklahoma can be hot when planting in late august to early september for forageonly or dualpurpose wheat figure 1. The average application of n fertiliser in the uk for winter wheat was 220 kg n ha1 in 2011, but typically only 50% of this applied n is taken up by the crop.
Combined spectral index to improve groundbased estimates. Field experiments were conducted to scrutinize the response of ndvi to yield behavior of different wheat cultivars and nitrogen fertilization at agronomic research area, university of agriculture faisalabad uaf during the two years 200809 and 200910. Every field may not have the same target plant stand. Nitrogen is one of the major plant food nutrient applied in the form of chemicals fertilizer and stimulate crop growth performance. Ernie and agripro 502cl test weight was 22 to 33 kg m3 greater in narrow rows compared to wide. Pdf what is morphology pdf taranvir singh academia.
Concentration of 30 ppm ni significantly developed grains. Wheat belongs to family poaceae gramineae which includes major crop plants such as wheat triticum spp. Fungal diseases affecting grain and seed quality in wheat. Accumulation and translocation of nitrogen n in the vegetative organs and grains of winter wheat triticum aestivum l. Fungal diseases affecting grain and seed quality in wheat ec1874 the fungal diseases in wheat described in this publication can lead to yield losses and, in some cases, pose a health risk to humans and animals if consumed. Lumai 21 and jinan 17 on n translocation from vegetative organs to grains in a mobile rainshelter using 15nlabeled. Wheat grain moisture at harvest was slightly wetter in narrow rows 0. Whole plant samples were taken from haun growth stages hgs 1. Studies on influence of nitrogen and weed management on. Performance of winter wheat cultivars in organic and. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of water deficit and cultivars cv. Plant height has been reduced through breeding canevara et al. To feed the growing human population, global wheat yields should increase to. A wide diversity of topics, ranging from the fine structure of cells to the gross morphology of the shoot, will be discussed in.
Effect of nitrogen rate on plant nitrogen loss in winter. The optimum plant population for a field is determined by many factors, including crop management practices and growing conditions. Responses of wheat yield, macro and micronutrients, and. Isolation of wheat plants for seed multiplication within the context of plant breeding can be done with greaseproof paper or cellophane bags placed over the heads.
Wheat production needs to be boosted mainly through improvements in yield and agronomic practices, as the cultivated area can only marginally increase 35. Food crops could be used to keep the earths temperatures down and slow global warming, say scientists. This document explains how to germinate and grow wheat, as well as how to harvest and store the grain. Effect of plant spacing variability on corn grain yield 2005 update, pg 2 responsive to plant density may also not respond to equal mixtures of gaps and crowded plants if the negative flex response due to crowded plants within the row offsets the positive flex response surrounding gaps within the row. Nitrogen recommendations for wheat agronomic crops network. Aiming for higher wheat yields province of manitoba. There is a 2020 board of regents of the university of wisconsin system.
Economic importance wheat is the worlds number one cereal in area. More studies are required to identify wheat varieties which maintain high yield potential with lower n fertilizer requirements. Gluten is composed of two prolamine groups, gliadins, and glutenin. Growth yield and nutrient uptake of various wheat cultivars 492 table i growth, yield components and yield traits of wheat varieties under the influence of npk levels plant traits lsd 5% wheat varieties td1 tj83 mehran89 plant height cm 1. Because roots grow in a wide variety of opaque media and thus comprise a hidden half waisel et al. Moreover, a significant gradual increase in ni content of wheat grains parallel with that of shoots has been observed. Wheat cultivar grain yields were ranked p25r37 ernie agripro 502cl when averaged over row spacing table 4. Ohio state university recommends applying nitrogen between greenup and feekes growth stage 6 early stem elongation, which is generally the latter part of april. An improved understanding of nue of wheat is needed to increment sustainability of. Wheat growth stages, their significance to yield and plant. An overview of the context and scope of wheat triticum aestivum research in south africa from 1983 to 2008 article pdf available in south african journal of plant and soil 271. Normalized difference vegetation index as a tool for wheat. Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat and wheat cultivars adapted to northern growing conditions p. Nitrogen use efficiency and related functional traits in wheat.
However, there have been no systematic longterm studies of the effects of manure application on soil and crop macro and micronutrients, heavy metals, and crop yields in china, despite their great importance for sustainable crop production and food safety. Nondestructive quantification of cereal roots in soil. For estimation of grain yield in wheat, normalized difference vegetation index ndvi is considered as a potential screening tool. Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat. As mentioned in the introduction, wheat varieties can. The recycling of livestock manure in cropping systems is considered to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. Heterotic and seed rate effects on nitrogen efficiencies.
Effect of plant spacing variability on corn grain yield. Whilst the characteristics of the exudate collected conform with many of the accepted properties of phloem exudate, unexpectedly high molar proportions of. Grain protein longreach dart had the highest protein content 12. Effects of genotype and environment on grain yield and. Development of wheat cultivars with good bread making quality is a challenging objective for many wheat breeding programs. Sando, associate agronomist, division of cereal crops and diseases, bureau of plant industrij, united states. Communications in soil science and plant analysis 1989 20. Most tillers have been formed by this stage, and the secondary root system is developing. A key restriction in the development of a better understanding of plant growth in soil is the inability to examine plant roots in situ over relevant spatial and temporal scales. Winter wheat roots grow twice as deep as spring wheat. The plant is made up of leaves surrounding a slender stalk that terminates in spikes, or ears, of grain at the top of wheat international starch institute. It can be noticed that the former decreasing pattern of mn absorption in wheat shoots table 2, being the same in grains. Crops primary data last updated july 14, 2005, food supply data last updated aug 27, 2004.
The deeper rooting of winter wheat was related to much lower amounts of n inorg. Jauhiainen2 1 mtt agrifood research finland,plant production research fin31600 jokioinen finland 2 mtt agrifood research finland,research services fin31600 jokioinen finland revised ms received 3 may 2007. The technique of edtaenhanced phloem exudation king and zeevaart, 1974. Comparison of dris and critical level approach for. Changes in the yield and associated photosynthetic traits. The recommended does of npk was applied in the form of npk 10. The crop was sampled 16 times throughout the growing season table 1able 1. Winter wheat based rotations are main cropping system in iran, but no information exists on better rotation for wheat under temperate climate in iran. In addition to the soil moisture status since planting, listed below are.
Plant density is a factor of particular importance in wheat production systems because it can be controlled. Nitrogen redistribution during grain growth in wheat. Hard red spring wheat success was planted on april 19, 1987, at a rate of 21 seedsft2 in 7 in. A wide diversity of topics, ranging from the fine structure of cells to the gross morphology of the shoot, will be discussed in this chapter, providing a brief summary of the large amount of accumulated knowledge that exists on the botany of wheat. Agronomy journal abstract nitrogensulfur relationships. The national association of wheat growers strongly believes the united states must maintain the strong core research infrastructure for scientific discovery, technology transfer and training of plant researchers that makes us competitive worldwide.
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